ObjectivesTo detect the admission rate and hospital acquired rate of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) of active surveillance in Emergency Intensive Care Unit patients of West China Hospital of Sichuan University, to examine whether rectal colonization of CRKP and CRAB are associated with nosocomial infection, so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of CRKP and CRAB.MethodsA nested case-control study was conducted between April and September 2018 in Emergency Intensive Care Unit. Rectal swabs were obtained to screen CRAB and CRKP, and the admission rate of colonization was calculated. According to whether infected with CRKP/CRAB, the patients were divided into case group (infection group) and control group (noninfection group) to determine whether colonization of CRKP/CRAB were independent risk factors for nosocomial infection using logistic regression model.ResultsThe admission rate of CRKP and CRAB patients were 4.08% (18/441) and 8.78% (38/433), and the nosocomial infection rate was 3.63% (16/441) and 18.01% (78/433) separately. Multivariate analysis showed that rectal colonization of CRKP [odds ratio=5.438, 95% confidence interval (1.643, 17.999), P=0.006] was an independent risk factor for nosocomial infection. However, there was no statistical correlation between rectal colonization of CRAB and nosocomial infection [odds ratio=1.449, 95% confidence interval (0.714, 2.942), P=0.305].ConclusionsThe rectal colonization rate of CRAB is higher than that of CRKP, but it does not increase the risk of CRAB infection in patients. Rectal colonization of CRKP is an important factor for infection of patients. Therefore, early detection of CRKP through active surveillance and taking control measures can help reduce the risk of its spread in the hospital.